ABSTRACT
Diversos estudos experimentais têm evidenciado a influência do estado afetivo, genericamente entendido, e emocional, em especificidade, no processamento cognitivo. Nesta sequência, tivemos como objetivo analisar o efeito da pré-exposição a estímulos de diferentes valências afetivas - negativa,positiva e neutra - na operação cognitiva de estimação de magnitude numérica da severidade de comportamentos antissociais. Participaram 37 estudantes universitários do mesmo grupo turma, do gênero feminino, entre os 18 e os 24 anos de idade, M = 19.53; DP = 1.06. Foram distribuídas aleatoriamente por três condições experimentais, definidas pela valência dos estímulos: negativa, positiva e neutra. Seguidamente, visualizaram um conjunto de 18 imagens - do IAPS - da valência da respetiva condição experimental, registrando na Self Assessment Manikin o estado afetivo que as imagens produziam. Após um intervalo de quatro minutos, as participantes estimaram a gravidade de 15 comportamentos antissociais. Os resultados indicaram que a pré-exposição de valência negativa teve um efeito significativo de diminuição da estimação da severidade dos comportamentos antissociais, comparativamente como os restantes grupos. Finalmente,procuramos na hipótese da dessensibilização emocional a compreensão dos resultados.
Several experimental studies have emphasized the influence of the affectivestate, generically understood, and emotional state, in specificity, in cognitive processing. In this sequence, we aimed to analyze the effect of pre-exposure to stimuli of different valences negative, positive and neutral in the cognitive operation of numerical magnitude estimation of antisocial behavior. 37 female university students took part in this study, all from the same class aged between 18 and 24 years, M = 19.53, SD = 1.06. They were randomly distributed in three experimental conditions related to the stimulus valence: negative, positive, and neutral. The participants viewed a series of 18 picturesof the International Affective Picture System of the respective experimental condition, registering into the Self Assessment Manikin the affective state that the images produced. After four minutes of interval, the participants estimated the severity of 15 antisocial behaviors. The results indicated that the negative valence pre- exposure had a significant effect of decreasing the estimation of the severity of antisocial behaviors, comparatively with the other groups. Finally, we discussed the results according to the hypothesis of emotional desensitization.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Social Behavior , AffectABSTRACT
O efeito priming (pré-ativação) vem sendo estudado pela neuropsicologia e psicologia social há aproximadamente 50 anos, estando relacionado ao modo como um estímulo inicial pode afetar as respostas de um indivíduo a estímulos subsequentes, sem que exista consciência do mesmo sobre tal influência.A partir dos anos 90, passou a ser alvo de pesquisas também no âmbito do comportamento do consumidor (CC), constituindo-se de importante variável nos trabalhos voltados ao inconsciente humano e na compreensão das influências que as pessoas sofrem durante o processo de tomada de decisão. Considerando a diversidade de conceitos relacionados ao priming existentes, este artigo utiliza de uma revisão de literatura para discutir os principais e organizar as informações relativas ao seu uso perante o CC, com foco em situar os estudos existentes e auxiliar pesquisadores interessados no assunto em novas pesquisas. Percebe-se que os estudos de marketing em geral vêm utilizando a pré-ativação de três formas distintas: como instrumento, como objeto de estudo e como meio para ação dos elementos de marketing. Ainda, algumas questões sobre o tema permanecem em aberto, demandando mais estudos a respeito de seu funcionamento.
The priming effect has been investigated by neuropsychology and social psychology for around 50 years and is related to how an initial stimulus can affect the responses of an individual to subsequent stimuli, without any knowledge of the subject on such influence. From the 1990s, it also became the subject of researches in consumer behavior (CB), becoming an important variable in works related to the human unconscious and the understanding of the influences that people suffer during the decision making process. Considering the diversity of existing concepts related to priming, this article uses a literature review to discuss the main concepts and organize information relating to their use in CB, focusing in pointing out the existing studies and assist researchers interested in the subject in new researches. It is observed that marketing studies in general have been using priming in three different ways: as a tool, as an object of study and as a means of action of marketing elements. Furthermore, some issues on the subject remain open, which requires further studies on how it works.
El efecto priming (preactivación) lo viene estudiando la neuropsicología y psicología social hace aproximadamente 50 años, está relacionado al modo como un estímulo inicial puede afectar las respuestas de un individuo a estímulos subsiguientes, sin que exista consciencia del mismo sobre tal influencia. A partir de los años 90, pasó a ser objeto de investigaciones también en el ámbito del comportamiento del consumidor (CC), constituyéndose de importante variable en los trabajos volcados al inconsciente humano y en la comprensión de las influencias que las personas sufren durante el proceso de toma de decisión. Considerando la diversidad de conceptos relacionados al priming existentes, este artículo utiliza una revisión de literatura para discutir los principales y organizar las informaciones relativas a su uso ante el CC, con enfoque en situar los estudios existentes y auxiliar a investigadores interesados en el asunto en nuevas investigaciones. Se nota que los estudios de marketing en general vienen utilizando la preactivación de tres formas distintas: como instrumento, como objeto de estudio y como medio para acción de los elementos de marketing. También, algunas cuestiones sobre el tema permanecen en abierto, demandando más estudios sobre su funcionamiento.
Subject(s)
Humans , Behavior , Marketing , Neuropsychology , Psychology, SocialABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the psychological measurement index for the effectiveness and discrimination of drug packaging (color code) in the medicine for self-aid and mutual-aid .Methods The classical priming paradigm was used to inves-tigate whether there were influences on the recognition accuracy (ACC) and reaction time (RT) by memorizing the characteris-tics of three series of color code ,with a 2 (relevant or irrelevant priming )× 3 (color code categories) within subject experimen-tal design .Results ①The recognition (RT ) of the relevant-priming group was 1 387 .18 ms ,compared with the irrelevant-priming group 1 475 .12 ms .The independent two-sample t-test showed statistically significant difference between the relevant-priming and irrelevant-priming groups (t=2 .264 ,P=0 .02) .②The analysis of variance of factorial design showed a significant difference among the three series in the recognition (RT) (F=9 .945 ,P<0 .001) .The priming effect was significant in color code 1 and 3 ,while not significant in color code 2 .③The recognition (RT) in color code 2 was different by the judgment task :using directives< class-1 categorical attributes < class-2 categorical attributes ,consistent with the order of difficulty of the judgment task .The P value for the priming effect was 0 .03 ,0 .21 and 0 .7 in the judgment task for using directives ,class-1 cat-egorical attributes and class-2 categorical attributes .The priming effect was significant in using directives ,while not significant in class-1 categorical attributes and class-2 categorical attributes .Conclusion The priming effect of the characteristic of the color code is significant ,and the characteristic of the color code can promote the process of memorization of the medicine for self-aid and mutual-aid .
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Objective To compare the cognitive difference of subjects'responses to the same visual stimuli under two different priming conditions,and to discuss the influence of inversion effect and configural changes upon facial recognition.Methods Priming pattern was employed,and subjects were induced to recognize the same stimuli as schematic faces or three English letters under different priming conditions.The participants'accuracy and reaction times were compared in two priming conditions. Results Participants'accuracy of the comparison stimuli in facial priming condition decreased significantly by inversion effect((79.03±10.53)%vs(89.43±9.98)%,P0.05).Correlations of accuracy to reaction times reached no significant difference under two conditions.Conclusion Priming effect make sense in the cognition,and there was a priming stage before the facial configuration.Inversion effect shows up in the face priming condition,and vanish in the English letter priming condition,which demonstrate the importance of configuration and inversion effect in the facial cognition.What's more,such effect can't be explained by the changes of cognitive difficulty.
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@# Objective To investigate the changes of the semantic priming effect in patients with brain injury.Methods Eight patients with Alzheimer's disease(AD),fifteen patients with vascular dementia(VD),seventeen patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI),twenty four healthy young subjects,and seventeen elderly healthy subjects as normal controls were estimated by Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE),clinical memory scale,and process dissociation procedure(PDP) tasks.The data of all subjects were analyzed.Results The patients in the AD group had lower recollection and automatic scores than those in the young and elderly control groups in free association task(P<0.05～0.001).The recollection scores in the VD and TBI groups decreased significantly when compared with that in the young and elderly control groups in free association tasks(P<0.001),whereas the automatic scores had no significant difference among four groups(P>0.05).Conclusion AD patients exhibited impaired explicit memory and semantic priming effect,but retain normal perceptual priming effect;VD and TBI patients showed impaired explicit memory,but retained normal semantic priming effect.
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Objective: To evaluate the impairment of semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease.Methods: 22 Alzheimer's disease patients were examined by means of a longitudinal study and compared with 22 normal elders.Two semantic tasks,lexical decision task and semantic knowledge task were used,to evaluate the integrity of the same concepts.Results: In each session,the MMSE scores of the Alzheimer's disease group were significantly worse(P
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Objective:To explore differences of graphic,phonological and semantic priming in Chinese character recognition between dyslexic children and normal children.Method:A priming paradigm was used to facilitate subjects to complete a lexical decision task.The differences of reaction time,priming effect and error rate between dyslexic children and normal children were analyzed.Results:The baseline adjusted facilitations of graphic,phonological and semantic priming in character recognition in dyslexic children were-0.010,-0.010,and 0.001 respectively.The dyslexic children even showed inhibition in graphic and phonological prime conditions.For the age control group the facilitations under the three prime conditions were 0.026,0.026 and 0.022.As for the reading level control group,results were 0.062,0.058 and 0.031 respectively.The differences of priming effects between dyslexic children and normal children were significant,especially in graphic and phonological priming conditions.The possible order of the three priming effects(from high to low)was:graphic,phonological and semantic.The interactions between reading ability and priming were not significant.Conclusion:Results from the present study suggest that there is a general deficit in graphic and phonological processing in character recognition in Chinese dyslexic children.This phenomenon can be interpreted by the connectionist model.
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Objective: To explore how the Chinese- English Bilinguals represent knowledge of the second language. Methods: The inter- language priming effects were investigated in two priming- category judgement tasks based individual- ly on the semantic (ExperimentⅠand ExperimentⅡ) and phonological information (ExperimentⅢ and ExperimentⅣ). Re- sults: In experimentⅠand ExperimentⅡ, no matter what the relation between the English targets and the English primes was semantic association or homophones and similar phones, the significant priming effects were obtained; However, In the experimentⅢ, when the relation between the targets and the primes was semantic association, no significant priming effect was found; In experimentⅣ, when the relation was homophones and similar phones, the significant priming effects were obtained. Conclusion: ①The second language knowledge of Chinese- English Bilinguals was represented in the semantic and phonological characters; ②The conceptual representation could be discreted with the lexical representation.
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Objective: Alexithymics have difficulty in identifying and describing feelings to other people. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of affective priming effects of alexithymics and examine their deficit of emotional automatic processing. Method: 23 alexithymics and 23 non-alexithymics were screened out in university students, they were required to judge whether the target pictures were positive or negative as soon as possible while prime pictures were supraliminally or subliminally presented. The correct rates and the mean response latencies were subjected to ANOVA with repeated measures. Result:In both supraliminal and subliminal affective priming tasks, the mean response latencies were significantly longer for affectively incongruent trials, as compared to those for affectively congruent and control trials. The correct rates for affectively incongruent trials were the lowest.Subjects were relatively slower to respond to positive target pictures than to negative target pictures(96.9%/95.3%,97.6%/95.8%).In subliminal affective priming task, there were no differences of correct rates and latencies between alexithymics and nonalexithymics. In supraliminal priming task, the latency of alexithymics was longer than that of nonalexithymics (536.3ms/496.4ms). Conclusion: Alexithymics have deficit in automatic processing for emotional information they are aware of, but not for those can not be aware.